Democracy differs from despotism in two major manners - representation and friction. If I posit that the prime benefit of democracy is the friction, why do I need faith?
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Fabius Maximus: Friction? Please explain.

Middle East has been fragmented for most of its history, if the history begins in 1918. It would be boring to list all the empires in Middle East since Sargon, so I will start with Rome. At that time Middle East belonged to two empires - Roman and Parthian, later Persian, with some protectorates between. Each empire belonged to a different civilisation. Later Rome was replaced by Byzantium, and Persia by Caliphate. Caliphate ultimately suffered a period of dissolution and was again unified by Osmans, who managed to conquer Byzantium. The Middle East was not quite unified, since in Persia there appeared another rival empire. Again, both those empires belonged to different civilisations. Turkey was organized similarly to eg Central Asian states, Mongol empire and Russia. That last assertion would obviously require a long argument, for which there is no place here, so I will have to leave it at that.

Even that extremely short survey suggest two things. First, the history is not an undifferentiated mass of happenings. There are very definite rhythms, among others the rhythms of unification and fragmentation of empires. Secondly, the basic unit of analysis is not an arbitrary and meaningless “geographic region” but a civilisation, that is a group of peoples with similar organization and common history.

The most useful authors on that topic are Spengler, Toynbee and Feliks Koneczny. Gumilev’s work is too much bound up with the particulars of the Great Steppe to be useful otherwhere, similarly Ibn Khaldun with Northern Africa and Islamic civilisation.

And I again remind that the organizations which in Europe used to be called empires (eg British Empire) belonged to a quite different category of beings. The colonial empires of that type have nothing in common with the civilisation-wide empires I discussed earlier. European civilisation is very young, and have not yet managed to form its final state, but the pressure to do so is quite evident. I personally would prefer for Europe to form a separate state from USA, but the performance of EU does not inspire confidence.

The Nile basis (Egypt) is an unlikely place to look for a multi-polar political regime. A single cohesive civilization, sharp geographical boundaries, a small area tightly connected via the Nile.

The Middle East has been fragmented (multi-polar) for most of its history. Even more so Europe, N America, Central Am, South America, Africa, SE Asia, and the Indian sub-continent.

You make a typical mistake by looking only on the history of Europe. After the fall of Rome, Europe was a multipolar system. Early attempts to unify it were doomed, like Alexander’s conquests in Greece, because the internal development didn’t cause the demand for it to grow. But this is typical for only a certain period of development of civilisation - in China eg Warring States.

When you look at eg Egypt, later history of China, Middle East (Persia and Caliphate) or Byzantium, you see a hegemonic power dominating the whole area of a single civilisation for most of time. Most of the foreign relations dealt either with tributary powers or real foreigners, belonging to another civilisation.

We are slowly entering that phase. It is difficult no t to see the demand for unification in USA, Latin America and Europe. But this certainly does not mean America can rule Middle East. To the contrary, it belongs to a different civilisation. Unless you manage to convert it to Christianity (a tall order), any conquests will prove to be only short-term.

Definitely. There is a way of thinking among some that assumes the gods on Mount Olympus have granted the United States empire an exemption from the usual and normal decline and fall of empires. This way of thinking is indeed based on vanity and pride rather than objective factors.

“the democractic regime is unable to exercise any effective rule”
Perhaps so. Perhaps not. Such forecasts seem imo to have insufficient basis to say with certainty.

“What is most important is this: all other rivals to the hegemony … have been defeated.”
Periods of history with hegegomonic states are rare. Periods with mutli-polar systems are common.

For one thing there is the difference between the early colonial empire, such as British, and the late, so-called ecumenical empire. The latter simply means that economical and political interconnections in a civilisation grow so intense that there is a need for an unified authority on the top. We are undoubtly at that point - EU is the best proof.

Any talk about decline of USA is wishful thinking. The nature of USA will certainly change. There is nearly no chance for a long term survival of the democracy, for the simple reason that the democractic regime is unable to exercise any effective rule. The coming economic crisis will show the necessity for even more international governance. USA is the only country able to provide it. Multinational bureaucracies like EU or UN cannot take any difficult decisions without some polical authority over them.

I think America will be unable to finance its military on the present basis. The informal tribute arrangements will be insufficient, and USA will begin to use its army to extract more substantial tribute.

http://www.xanga.com/home.aspx?user=russwinter&nextdate=7%2f27%2f2006+23%3a59%3a59.999
http://wallstreetexaminer.com/blogs/winter/?page_id=36

What is most important is this: all other rivals to the hegemony (France, Germany, England, Russia) have been defeated. China has its own sphere and hegemony over Europe is far beyond it. The only military problems before USA are in the nature of house-cleaning: terrorists, finally finishing off Russia, etc. Those enemies are incomparably weaker than USSR during the cold war. The struggle will be certainly VERY troublesome, much more that it is imagined today, and will require some serious effort, but the outcome is not in doubt.

Of course, at present no one in the leadership of USA is willing to treat any problem seriously. Washington seems to treat War with Terrorism (this is a very good name, similar to the Roman War with Pirates), economy etc as merely chips in the internal power struggle for the White House. This will have to change, and will change, most probably after some serious defeat.

Thanks for the tremendous blog… it looks great and reads even better. FM and DNI are among my favorites for independent-minded commentary. I especially like your foray into analysis of the economic dimensions of competition and 4GW, such as peak oil and credit/debt as weapons. Boyd would approve, I am sure.

You are correct: America faces difficult challenges ahead, but they appear no worse - and perhaps substantially less serious - than those of our forebearers in 1863, 1933 or perhaps 1941-42. From my perspective, they are considerably less serious - perhaps by an order or two of magnitude - than those faced by a typical Pole or Russian in the Depression or WW2. Perhaps because I am a scientist, I have somewhat novel views on what constitutes a real crisis for America. Although the two World Wars proved costly for America, neither was fought on US soil for the most part. Even the US Civil War, the most costly war in our history, pales in cost beside the toil of single battles such as Stalingrad or the Somme. Protected by two oceans, the US has never been completely conquered by an invading force under arms (although one could make a case that illegal immigrants are in fact conquering us without arms, that is a separate issue). Instead, I would argue that the closest we’ve come to a partial collapse of our civilization was during either the Great Depression or during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1920. John Barry’s wonderful book about the latter, “The Great Influenza” shows just how tightly fear gripped the nation during the flu pandemic. And that fear was not misplaced; influenza killed well-upwards of 25 million people worldwide, and nearly brought western civilization to its knees. Similarly, the Great Depression and its attendent hardships - i.e. the Dust Bowl - affected Americans and other peoples to an extent that subsequent generations probably find incomprehensible.

In addition to our somewhat unique geographic situation, Americans today perceive threats differently than generations past simply due to the effects of affluence. For many years, we have been fortunate enough to avoid widespread mass deaths due to starvation, natural disasters, or communicable diseases. Most Americans fail to appreciate just how unusual this state of affairs would have been in any previous era of history. In the past, it was accepted stoically that people died early deaths in childbirth, illnesses for which there were no cure, accidents, and many other causes. People often died at home rather in a hospital, so death was a more familiar presence in most families and communities than it is now. America once saw many of its workers employed in agriculture (which is still a dangerous occupation), the steel mills, mining, or other heavy industries. Work was dangerous, and it was an accepted risk that you might lose a limb or your life on the job. In the Depression, no one cared - if a luckless worker plunged to his death building the Hoover Dam, the Golden Gate Bridge or the Empire State Building, another worker stepped forward to take the place of the lost man, risk be damned. They needed the paycheck, no matter what. These people were tough because they had to be. They didn’t take for granted the money in their pockets, or the food on their tables. Only the well-off or fortunate possessed reliable electricity, heat, water or other basic services. Many Americans walked or rode horses to get where they were going, just as their ancestors did. If you owned a car or could afford the train or subway, you were doing well indeed. The bathroom was for many an outhouse.

Contrast the people toughened by the hardship of the depression and war with the sometimes spoiled person of today. Joe or Jane Taxpayer sometimes pitches a fit because his chocolate latte is not served precisely as he/she likes it, or perhaps the newspaper lands on the neighbor’s lawn instead of his own. The greatest risk to an adult male’s mortiality after leaving youth is driving his car, or being felled by a disease of affluence - such as heart disease, cancer, or perhaps diabetes. Dreaded names from the past - such as cholera, dysentery, polio, malaria, and many others are dim memories if they are remembered at all. We take for granted the food in our stores and refrigerators, the water in our faucets, and the electricity or gas to heat/cool our homes - all luxuries unaccustomed by past generations. In short, we have forgotten what real hardship is like, if we ever knew it in the first place. We are, many of us, soft - even decadent - but we do not know it or do anything about it. Remember: Some of our grandparents walked many miles for the privlege of being educated in a clapboard schoolhouse; we won’t even get up to change the channel on the TV. More importantly, most of us are helplessly dependent on others for our lives - our food, our power, etc. Toss that accountant or interior designer into a suddenly lawless country where he/she has to fend for food and perhaps shelter - it’s a whole new ballgame, folks…

As commentator Dinesh D’Souza has noted, the ‘Greatest Generation’ that survived the depression, helped win WW2 and then faced down the Soviets had one flaw - it could not always impart its character to its children, who largely rejected traditonal values during the 1960s, thereby altering our national character perhaps permanently in ways that still reverberate. What is the reason for this seeming paradox? Why had those who came from so little achieved so much, while those who had everything in life sometimes failed so miserably? The obvious answer is that hardship is Darwinian - if one survives it, one emerges from it stronger and better adapted to the challenges of the world. Conversely, affluence demands little of those experiencing it, except perhaps strong appetites. Hardship builds character, affluence does not. Of course, tough times can destroy character, too, just as affluence can shelter the weak and protect the infirm - but just as often material wealth and comfort corrupt us, not strengthen us.

Our experiment is unique in that America is not a place so much as it is an idea, or more properly, a set of ideas and assumptions about the world. This precious inheritance was bequethed to us by the generations that came before, in our case - perhaps 10-12 since the republic was formed. This gift is still there if we can summon the will power, the discipline necessary to save it. The real question to me is whether we care enough to do so or not. On one hand, I see many, many Americans who would make our Founders proud. On the other, I see many - the indifferent, the corrupt - who would make them weep or shake their heads in disgust. We are unlikely - as Abraham Lincoln noted - to be conquered from without. If the republic dies, it will likely be a suicide, and not a murder. Perhaps even this is too optomistic a view in the long run. Everything in nature cycles, according to the rhythms of life and the seasons. Nations, like men, are born, grown into a vigorous youth, mature and then senesce into old age and frailty. America cannot remain ‘on top’ forever, but it can grow into a graceful old age if we the people help it to, and thereby avoid an ugly death in protracted war, poverty and indebtedness, or a similar ignoble end. If we are wise enough, we can see the example of Europe - whose death throes may be taking place before our own eyes - and change our habits accordingly. In the end, the extent to which the American idea survives, then the country can survive. But human nature is cause for worry: Many is the child who squandered his inherited wealth. Our forefathers had to fight hard to build America, and so treaured it. Largely given the country as it is, modern folks seem to take America for granted, never having struggled as our ancestors did to build and protect it.

One final observation or two. Physics describes the laws of theromdynamics - i.e. such as the law of entropy. Simply stated, we purchase order in one part of the cosmos in return for the cost of disorder in another part of it. Systems will, left to their own devices, evolve towards increasing disorder. The laws of motion tell us that a system in motion will tend to stay in motion unless acted upon in such a way as to change that motion, or the converse. We know that complex systems can change state much more quickly than predicted due to feedback loops and other additive events. Outcomes can acrue positively in a nation’s favor, in a beneficial positive feedback cycle, or they can quickly add up - spiraling downwards in a negative feedback loop. An example of the former is the American economy after WW2 and the long post-war boom; an example of the former was Weimar-era Germany, in which a loaf of bread could not be paid for by a bushel of marks. Which road will be taken? I don’t know; nor do I think anyone else does with any degree of certainty. More importantly, where is the tipping point? Again, no one really knows - but we’d best not play with fire, right?

My fear is that our inter-linked, super-connected economy is powerful but brittle, and of unknown resiliency. I had little doubt of our reservoirs of strength in the past, but now I wonder. Everyone assures us of the strength of the economy, the character of the American people, and so on - and these are real - but how much can one system take? How much debt, how much neglect, how much abuse? Our society and civilization are founded on a delicate web of social contracts and behavior patterns which, once changed, may be difficult to repair. For example, the vast majority of people in the USA currently self-govern their behavior and stay within the boundaries set by law and society. Most of us do nor murder, rape, loot or steal. But if conditions were to deteriorate, and resources became scarce enough, the law of the jungle would take over - just as it always has in such times. The strong would take what they wished from the weak. If that happens, all the police and soldiers in the nation would be pretty much powerless to stop it - short of unleashing the full might of the US military on its own nation, that is (Let us hope that ugly scenario is fictional and stays that way). As the Soviet experience of WW2 shows, humans are capable of withstanding more than they think. But let us not dilude ourselves; Americans are just as capable of cruelty as any other people, as well as kindness and humanity.

So Fabius, I agree with you in the end. The jury is still out. I hope we don’t blow it; it would stink to be known to history as the generation that ruined our country once-and-for-all.

Many thanks for the website…

Pete

There are many fine democracies that were erstwhile superpowers. Sweden, for example. Our Constitution was originally written for a small third rate power on the outskirts of the world stage. Presumably, therefore, it could survive should we revert to that status.

As for the Americans being a “great people,” objectively speaking, we begin with the idea that they are a random sample of the normal run of humanity. If we should think that, nevertheless, we “rise above” that, then we need carefully to consider that our vanity and pride rather than objective factors lead us to that conclusion.

So, perhaps, I should be wrong. But am I?

I am from Mexico, but I had the opportunity to live in the United States, and so my perspective is more that of an outsider.
Yes I think America is about movies and TV shows, but it is also about options, about the power to choose. I have cable tv, satellite tv in my country, and I have yet to see an offering of channels coming from Europe or Asia with such rich and powerful contents as the american television industry offers. It is up to you to watch discovery channel, history channel, national geographic, or HBO, Showtime, MTV or even playboy, it is your freedom to choose.

I see the United States, America as yourselves and many in the world call you, as a debating society. Nowhere else in the world, in my opinion, has a candidate to debate so much if he or she wants to become a congressmen, senator, or president. America also loves to debate about social, cultural, technological and economic issues all the time. If America is a debating society, the name of game is consensus and respect for each other as the rules for so much debating.
And it is a country that knows when to stop debating and gather themselves together and take action bravely confronting its enemies abroad, which is why many countries also hate America, because they cannot have their cake and eat it too with America.
Liberal and democratic societies, with their freedom of expression and their debates and open political life, have always seemed chaotic and even decaying in critical eyes, even in times of the greeks, and democracies are often compared against the ever apparent orderly and quiet political life of tyrannies where one man or party hold power and quickly silences dissenting voices that later built into social pressures awaiting a sudden and violent burst to be set free. And we tend to forget that these totalitarian are always like volcanos quietly building pressure until it is ready to explode and auto-destroy themselves while democracies do not usually build those kind of social pressures because people get a chance to show their disagreement or anger by speaking out, protesting in the streets, or at every election casting a punishing vote to the governing party and in other civil and democratic ways.
I don´t see America going down any path, I see an America that faces existing crisis and challenges, certainly, because it doesn´t hide like other nations, say China, or Russia for example, America debates its troubles and foes openly, it talks about them in public places, and America always takes action in end, and the whole world knows that.
As long I see that strong and debating society, able to see its own failures and shortcomings and talk about them openly, I know America will continue to be a lighthouse of hope for the world in times to come.
God bless America.